Measurement of Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Chlorinated dioxins and furans (‘dioxins’) are not ordinarily detected in cigarette smoke at levels likely to exceed the recommended ‘safe’ limits recognised by health and environmental protection agencies. By convention they are measured in terms of their total toxic equivalence (TEQ). The method developed by this group utilises high sensitivity gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GCMS/ MS). The limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 4.3 pg TEQ/cig; under ISO 3308 smoking conditions. Dioxins are not subject to any routine regulatory control in cigarette smoke. However, certain dioxin congeners are highly toxic and they have been cited by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC) of tobacco smoke. This raises the issue of how to monitor and measure uncertainty when the analyte(s) of interest are not normally present in the matrix of interest. In the absence of a reference cigarette containing levels of dioxins above the detection limit; we prepared test pieces containing known quantities of 17 dioxin congeners, regarded by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as significantly toxic. This paper provides data for the transfer rates performed under ISO 3308 (ISO) and Health Canada Intense (HCI) machinesmoking conditions; and proposes a means to estimate the uncertainty (U) based on TEQ. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2015) 214-218]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".