Clinical Presentation and Outcomes by Sex in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Findings from the North American ARVC Registry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sex differences in clinical presentation and outcomes of hereditary arrhythmias are commonly reported. We aimed to compare clinical presentation and outcomes in men and women with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) enrolled in the North American ARVC Registry. METHODS: A total of 125 ARVC probands (55 females, mean age 38 ± 12; 70 males, mean age 41 ± 15) diagnosed, as either "affected" or "borderline" were included. Baseline clinical characteristics and time-dependent outcomes including syncope, ventricular tachycardia (VT), fast VT (>240 bpm), ventricular fibrillation (VF), and death were compared between males and females. RESULTS: The percentage of ARVC subjects diagnosed as "affected" (84% vs. 89%; P = 0.424) or "borderline" (16% vs. 11%; P = 0.424) was similar between females and males. Among the baseline characteristics, inverted T-waves in V2 trended to be more common in women (P = 0.09), whereas abnormal signal-averaged ECGs (SAECGs; P < 0.001) and inducible VT/VF (P = 0.026) were more frequent in men. During a mean follow-up of 37 ± 20 months, the probability of ICD-recorded VT/VF or death was not significantly different between men and women (P = 0.456). However, there was a trend toward lower risk of fast VT/VF or death in women compared to men (hazard ratio 0.41, 95% CI 0.151-1.113, P = 0.066). Abnormal SAECG and evidence of intramyocardial fat by cardiac MRI was associated with adverse outcomes in men (P = 0.006 and 0.02 respectively). CONCLUSION: In the North American ARVC Registry, we found similar frequency of "affected" and "borderline" subjects between men and women. Sex-related differences were observed in baseline ECG, SAECG, Holter-recorded ventricular arrhythmias, and VT inducibility. Men showed a trend toward greater risk of fast VT than women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".