Natal dispersal and post-weaning survival of juvenile snowshoe hares during a cycle population increase
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Juvenile snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in southwestern Yukon were monitored using radio telemetry to determine the effects of litter group on natal dispersal and postweaning survival. A total of 84 juveniles representing the four litter groups bom in 1995 were monitored from June 1995 to April 1996 on control areas and areas in which supplemental food was provided. Natal dispersal distance, age and date of emigration, survival rate, and proximate cause of death were examined. Natal dispersal distances (distance from nest site to site of first breeding) of hares ranged from 23 m to over 16 km. Fifty percent (9/18) of juveniles whose nest sites were known and survived until their first breeding season were classified as emigrants (dispersed a distance further than two adult home range diameters). Emigrants did not suffer significantly higher mortality than those individuals which did not emigrate. Neither dispersal distance nor the proportion of hares which emigrated differed between food addition and control areas. On the control areas, there was no evidence of sex-biased natal dispersal. However, on the food addition areas, a higher proportion of males than females emigrated and males dispersed significantly farther than females. This pattern possibly resulted from the increased population density on the food addition areas. Age at emigration varied from 31 days to 140 days, but was not related to the sex of the individuals. Food addition had no observable effect on emigration age, however there was a significant effect of litter group. Third litter juveniles emigrated at an older mean age (84 days) than first (48 days) and second (42 days) litter juveniles. Twenty-eight day survival did not differ between food addition and control areas for any litter group. Over the study period, 28-day survival of juveniles (all litters combined) did not differ significantly from adults (juveniles: 0.91, adults: 0.93). However, when examined by litter group, third litter survival was significantly lower than adult and second litter survival, while fourth litter survival was significantly lower than adult, first, and second litter survival. These differences were the result of differential survival among the litter groups during a three month period in the fall (September-November). Predation was the primary proximate cause of death for weaned juvenile hares, accounting for 86% (37/43) of deaths. Although the dominant predators of juvenile snowshoe hares were annual residents, avian predation was low after November while mammalian predation was constant from mid-August through April. No collared weaned juveniles died before mid-August.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".