Insurance and human rights: what can Europe learn from Canadian anti-discrimination law?
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There has been considerable debate recently in Europe over the question whether and to what extent anti-discrimination provisions ought to protect people in the context of insurance. This chapter looks at how developments in Canadian anti-discrimination law could provide inspiration in the context of this debate. The chapter first sketches a picture of Canadian equality law as it applies to insurance contracts. It notes two important developments that characterize Canadian law: the abandonment of the distinction between direct and indirect discrimination; and the emphasis, under a substantive equality approach, on the duty to accommodate. The chapter then discusses in detail how developments in Canadian equality law will likely affect a court's approach towards discrimination in the insurance context. The authors argue that as a result of decisions by the Canadian Supreme Court related to discrimination outside the context of insurance, insurance companies will face a higher burden of proof to justify distinctions made in the context of insurance. The chapter looks in detail at some of the recent case law in Canada which supports this argument. In the conclusion, the authors suggest how this approach could be used in the European context.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it