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Record W2261528272 · doi:10.5539/apr.v8n1p92

Atomic Mass: Origin, Units and Constants

2016· article· en· W2261528272 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueApplied Physics Research · 2016
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicScientific Research and Discoveries
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsAtomic massAtomic physicsPhysicsAtomic numberMass numberAtom (system on chip)ElectronAtomic radiusAnalytical Chemistry (journal)ChemistryNuclear physicsQuantum mechanicsNeutron

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

<p class="1Body">Absolute and relative atomic mass values are obtained in kg/atom, MeV, C, and u for the chemical elements. The results show that: (i) Absolute atomic mass value is, of course, given by the classical mass formula m = hϑ/c<sup>2</sup>; however, rotational speed per radius ω/r correlates with strain τ on the element’s intrinsic electromagnetic (e-m) transverse radiation to give the coefficient k whose value turns out to be atomic mass unit energy equivalent amu/eV = k = τ/(ω/r)<sup>½</sup>. (ii) Each component of the wave-particle doublet plays unique roles in atomic mass phenomenology; these roles readily account for H atom’s seeming fundamentality and preponderance of internal structures in virtually all particulate matter down to the electron. (iii) The mass constants amu/eV and amu/C are linear correlation coefficients of different dimensions of atomic units; the values are thus not specific to particular elements but obtainable from any element including the electron. (iv) The empirical expression e- = F/N<sub>A</sub> is incorrect; theoretically, charge q = m<sub>r</sub>F = m<sub>abs</sub>N<sub>A</sub>F. The error translates to values of N<sub>A</sub>, m<sub>e</sub>, and e/m<sub>e</sub> that are twenty orders of magnitude lower than theoretical values, e.g., e<sup>-</sup><sub>theor.</sub> = 47.062 C c.f. e<sup>-</sup><sub>lit.</sub> = 1.6022 x 10<sup>-19</sup> C. It is posited that the charge determinants ω and τ, might be suppressed or virtually nullified in an external e-m environment above some threshold voltage. (v) The error reflects also in all empirical E/c<sup>2</sup> values. A comparison of empirical and theoretical quantitative expressions for evaluating gravitational (gm) from electrostatic (E/c<sup>2</sup>) atomic mass shows that the former redeems the inherent error to retrieve proximate gm from E/c<sup>2</sup> value. (vi) Given the current literature E/c<sup>2</sup> values, the electron waveform mass does converge with the photon’s value, i.e., m<sub>w(e) </sub>≅ m<sub>photon</sub>. It is submitted, therefore, that particle physics has already struck matter’s fundamental unit in the photon mass, maybe unknowingly for lack of litmus test.</p>

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.211
Threshold uncertainty score0.854

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.096
GPT teacher head0.367
Teacher spread0.271 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it