“These Are the Things You Gain If You Make Our Country Your Country”: U.S.–Vietnam War Draft Resisters and Military Deserters and the Meaning of Citizenship in North America in the 1970s
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the mid‐1970s, many U . S . citizens who had not complied with the requirement that they participate in the military of the U nited S tates during the V ietnam W ar faced a dilemma. In the preceding decade, tens of thousands of them had immigrated to C anada—both legally and illegally—to resist compulsory military service. Richard N ixon refused to allow these resisters to return to the U nited S tates. His successor, G erald F ord, allowed expatriates to return if they agreed to do alternative service. Jimmy C arter attempted to resolve the crisis with an amnesty. Canada did not participate in the V ietnam W ar and refused to extradite A merican men to the U nited S tates for violations of most conscription and military laws. However, in 1973, in the middle of an immigration crisis, C anada forced the hand of many A mericans and others who had entered the country clandestinely by giving them only sixty days to reconcile their residency status with the C anadian government or to risk becoming illegal immigrants and to face deportation. The shifting matrix of laws on both sides of the U . S .– C anada border forced A merican exiles to decide whether to risk having a status that officially satisfied neither country, to accept the terms of the F ord or C arter repatriation plans and reclaim the perquisites of life in the U nited S tates, to remain illegal immigrants in C anada, or to acquire C anadian citizenship. Residency in C anada opened the possibility for a different type of citizenship for A merican men, one less concerned with their potential contribution to the military might of a nation and more tolerant of their freedom of expression, which might include opposition to war.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it