The Changed Face of Corporate Criminal Liability
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the dying days of the last Parliamentary session of 2003, Parliament enacted Bill C-4S amending the Criminal Code with respect to the liability of corporations and other organizations. Bill C-45 constitutes a fundamental change, if not a revolution, in corporate criminal liability. It creates a new regime of criminal liability that applies not only to corporations, but unions, municipalities, partnerships and other associations of persons. It replaces the traditional legal concept of corporate liability based on the fault of the corporation's directing mind(s), the board of directors and those with the power to set corporate policy, with liability tied to the fault of all of the corporation's senior officers. That definition includes all those employees, agents or contractors who play an important role in the establishment of an organization's policies or who have responsibility for managing an important aspect of the organization's activities. It will no longer be necessary for prosecutors to prove fault in the boardrooms or at the highest levels of a corporation: the fault even of middle managers may suffice. It also provides that the conduct of the organization's representatives will be attributed to the organization and defines a representative to include not only directors, employees and partners but also agents and contractors. In a word, Bill C-45 significantly expands the net of corporate and organizational liability. In many ways, the expansion of corporate liability is overdue. However, some aspects of Bill C-45 are quite troubling including the potential collapse between fundamental distinctions between subjective and objective fault and the need to have a coherent and escalating approach to enforcement.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it