The Canada/U.S. Dynamic Post 9/11: Maintaining Sovereignty, Balancing Security Interests and Civil Liberties in Canadian Immigration Policy-making
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper is a part of a larger research project that looks at the balancing of security interests and civil liberties in Canadian immigration policy-making post 9/11. The argument presented in this paper counters the frequently proposed assertion that Canadian policy-makers are unduly influenced by U.S. policies and politics in this area. Rather, it will be argued, Canadian sovereignty is asserted through active co-operation with the U.S. in such policies as the Smart Border Agreement, Integrated Border Enforcement Teams, and Safe Third Country Agreement. Through this active co-operation with the U.S. the Canadian Government is able to assure the U.S. of its ongoing commitment to security issues, while diverting American interest from more extreme measures such as the proposed perimeter security project. A further argument demonstrates that the very different Constitutions and political traditions of the U.S. and Canada necessarily result in very different responses to the terrorist threat. In Canada there is active public debate around the balancing of security interests and civil liberties, an independent judiciary, and independent review agencies operating at arms'-length from the executive, while in the U.S. the system of constitutional checks and balances has effectively broken down. The Canadian response to the terrorist threat - including immigration policies - is not perfect, but it a genuine Canadian-made product.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.037 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".