Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the 1980s there has been a debate among New Testament scholars about the meaning of the Greek word (head) in the Pauline epistles. Some scholars defend the traditional view that it means leader, while others argue that it should be understood to mean source. One result of this debate is that it is now clear that both the traditional and the new interpretation of kephal? have very little support in general Greek usage before the New Testament. This article seeks to advance the debate by showing that the phenomenon of borrowing can explain why the meaning source is effectively limited to one passage in Herodotus, and the meaning leader is only found in Greek works written by bilingual Jews. The passage in Herodotus probably reflects a semantic loan from Old Persian *sar while various places in the Septuagint, Philo, Josephus and Paul reflect a semantic loan from Hebrew ro'sh (or Aramaic re'sh). Because the latter semantic loan (head meaning leader) is embedded in the Greek Bible (both in the Septuagint and Paul), the authority and prestige of the latter can account for the fact that the new meaning of though unknown in previous pagan Greek writings, gradually became widespread in post-biblical Greek as Christianity spread. Hoof as metafoor by Paulus Sedert die 1980s het daar onder Nuwe Testament-wetenskaplikes 'n debat gewoed oor die betekenis van die Griekse woord (hoof) in die sendbriewe van Paulus. Sommige wetenskaplikes verdedig die tradisionele siening dat dit leier beteken, terwyl ander argumenteer dat dit verstaan moet word as dat dit bron beteken. Een resultaat van hierdie debat is dat dit nou duidelik is dat daar vir sowel die tradisionele as die nuwe interpretasie van weinig ondersteuning te vind is in die algemene Griekse gebruik voor die Nuwe Testament. Hierdie artikel poog om die debat verder te voer deur aan te toon dat die fenomeen van kan verduidelik waarom die betekenis van bron effektief beperk is tot een passasie in Herodotus en die betekenis van leier slegs gevind word in Griekse werke wat geskryf is deur tweetalige Jode. Die passasie in Herodotus reflekteer waarskynlik 'n semantiese lening van die Oud-Persiese *sar, terwyl verskeie plekke in die Septuagint, Philo, Josephus en Paulus 'n semantiese lening van die Hebreeuse ro'sh (of Aramese re'sh) reflekteer. Aangesien laasgenoemde semantiese lening (hoof, wat leier beteken) in die Griekse Bybel ingebed is (sowel in die Septuagint as in Paulus), kan laasgenoemde se outoriteit en prestige verklaar word deur die feit dat die nuwe betekenis van kephal?, alhoewel onbekend in voorafgaande heidense Griekse geskrifte, geleidelik wydverspreid geraak het in die post-Bybelse Grieks, soos wat die Christendom versprei het.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".