Family structure race gender and poverty: The case of food deprivation in South Africa.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study sought to examine the relationship between race, family structure and gender on one hand, and food deprivation as a measure of poverty on the other hand in South Africa. Main effects were found for race, residence, presence of children and adults, while interaction effect was found for race and family structure. Whites, and to a large extent Indians/Asians, were less likely to experience food deprivation, while black Africans and coloureds were most likely to experience food deprivation. Couple-headed households were the least likely to experience food deprivation, compared to households headed by either male or female. Finally, the presence of children and the elderly in a household was negatively associated with food deprivation, a finding which supports the view that most poor families in the country depend on social grants to children and the elderly for survival. Keywords : Households, Social grants, Children, Elderly, Labour migration. Cette etude visait a examiner la relation entre la race , la structure familiale et le sexe d’une part , et la privation de nourriture comme une mesure de la pauvrete d’autre part en Afrique du Sud . Les principaux effets ont ete trouves pour la race, la residence , la presence d’ enfants et les adultes , tandis que l’effet de l’interaction a ete trouve pour la course et la structure familiale . Les Blancs , les Indiens / Asiatiques , etaient moins susceptibles de connaitre la privation de nourriture , alors que les Africains noirs et metis etaient plus susceptibles de connaitre la privation de nourriture . Les menages de conjoints jouvoyeurs etaient les moins susceptibles d’eprouver la privation de nourriture , par rapport aux menages diriges par un homme ou une femme . Enfin , la presence d’enfants et les personnes âgees dans un menage etait associee negativement a la privation de nourriture , une constatation qui soutient le point de vue que la plupart des familles pauvres dans le pays dependant des aides sociales pour les enfants et les personnes âgees pour la survie . Mots-cles : les menages , les subventions sociales, enfants, personnes âgees , la migration
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".