Scanning Electron Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy Studies of ULSD and Biodiesel Soot Loading in a Diesel Particulate Filter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<div class="htmlview paragraph">Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) were loaded and fractured to determine the time effect of loading, and loading differences between ULSD and a B20 biodiesel blend. DPFs were loaded in parallel for exposure times of 1, 2, 5 and 10 hours. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to visualize loading and analyze the carbon structure of particulates on the filter substrate. Images of the soot cake were captured and the ‘pore-bridge’ was identified as an important feature in DPF functionality. Raman analysis revealed that the nature of the carbon soot structure did not become increasingly graphitic with loading time; the soot cake was observed to be a disordered, variable feature.</div>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".