Crafting' China's Energy Policy: Toward an Inclusive Approach to Policymaking
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drawing upon the framework of authoritarianism, this article attempts to formalize existing bureaucratic behaviors in the Chinese political apparatus through the inclusion of the logic of collusive behavior amongst the various bureaucratic levels. Policy crafting is posited as a more comprehensive notion to describe Chinese energy policymaking. Additionally, policy crafting addresses center-local internal dynamics from a new angle to better grasp the domestic conditions under which energy policy is crafted and implemented throughout China's bureaucratic apparatus. The main contributions of this article are theoretical and analytical. It begins by defining policy crafting and noting the explicative limits of the existing approaches to China's informal bureaucratic politics. The article then develops a theoretical reappraisal of the fragmented authoritarianism model in order to push it forward and supplement it with collusive behavior to form a new analytical tool. It concludes with a
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".