Canada as Constitutional Exporter: The Rise of the 'Canadian Model' of Constitutionalism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article details the rise of a Canadian model of constitutionalism at the intersection of constitutional law and international relations. Examining the influence of the Charter abroad reveals distinct features of Canadian constitutionalism such as a single limitations clause that applies to all rights and a notwithstanding mechanism which can also be conceived of as an exception by express declaration. The article argues that there are both general and specific explanations for the attractiveness of the Canadian constitutional model. It uses the experiences of New Zealand and South Africa to reveal the narrative of the Charter's influence on constitutional development in those countries. The final section of the paper situates the Charter's export in terms of Canadian foreign policy, describing it as an example of the exercise of soft power which in turn supports and is supported by other elements of Canadian foreign policy. The article concludes with the caution that Canadian constitutional influence is only likely to continue if Canadian jurists and scholars take a greater interest in constitutional developments abroad, particularly in those countries that have looked to the Canadian constitutional model for guidance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.022 | 0.030 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".