Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dedication to Nils AlwallIn the mid-!940s the artificial kidney was indepen dently developed for clinical use by Alwall in Sweden, Kolff in The Netherlands and Murray in Canada.The development was the inevitable result of over 200 years' work with dialysis membrane and the principle of dialy sis, and anticoagulants coupled with a growing under standing and quantification of uremia.The early delineation of the many clinical uses for acute dialysis was almost solely the result of the school of Nils Alwall at the University of Lund.The school's dis coveries were described in a series of 30 papers entitled 'On the Artificial Kidney' that appeared in Acta Medica Scandinavica between 1947 and 1955.Technical and quantitative problems of dialysis were studied and solved.The use in acute uremia, anticoagulation and the outcome of patients were carefully studied.Unlike its competitors, the Alwall artificial kidney not only reduced uremia and regulated electrolytes, but it could also be used for ultrafiltration.This was achieved by preventing distention of the blood-containing cellophane tubing by compressing it between two perforated metal drums.A pressure difference could then be used, driving fluid from blood to the dialysate.Thus much interest was devoted to fluid overload states.These studies clarified the relative role of uremic intoxication and fluid overload in what until that point had been called 'uremic pneumonitis'.Nils Alwall coined the much better term 'fluid lung'.The first papers describing the use of the artificial kidney in barbiturate intoxication and nephrotoxicity from radiog raphic contrast media were published.Experimental aspects and a dialysis apparatus small enough to dialyze rabbits were developed and used to clarify the fluid lung problem.Because of the trailblazing clinical work, and the important clinical development, a personal professo rial chair and a special Department of Nephrology were created for Nils Alwall at the University of Lund in 1957.Nils Alwall immediately grasped the importance of dialysis for chronic renal failure and several patients at
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.128 | 0.071 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".