ANISOTROPIC GALACTIC OUTFLOWS AND ENRICHMENT OF THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM. II. NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We combine an analytic model for anisotropic outflows and galaxy formation with numerical simulations of large-scale structure and halo formation to study the impact of galactic outflows on the evolution of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Using this algorithm, we have simulated the evolution of a comoving volume of size (15 Mpc) 3 in the ΛCDM universe. Using an N -body simulation starting at redshift z = 24, we follow the formation of galaxies and simulate the galactic outflows produced by these galaxies. Outflows are modeled as bipolar cones with opening angle α, which expand along the direction of least resistance. We consider five opening angles: α = 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, and 180° (isotropic outflows). We also consider the effect of photoionization suppression of galaxy formation by reionization at redshift z = 6. Anisotropic outflows travel preferentially into low-density regions, away from cosmological structures (filaments and pancakes) where galaxies form. These anisotropic outflows are less likely to overlap with one another than isotropic ones. They are also less likely to hit pre-galactic collapsing halos and strip them of their gas, preventing a galaxy from forming. Going from 180° to 60°, the number of galaxies that actually form doubles, producing twice as many outflows, and these outflows overlap to a lesser extent. As a result, the metal volume filling factor of the IGM goes from 8% for isotropic outflows up to 28% for anisotropic ones. High-density regions are more efficiently enriched than low-density ones (∼80% compared to ∼20% by volume), even though most enriched regions are low densities. Increasing the anisotropy of outflows increases the extent of enrichment at all densities, low and high. This is in part because anisotropic outflows are more numerous. When this effect is factored out, we find that the probability a galaxy will enrich systems at densities up to is higher for increasingly anisotropic outflows. This is interpreted as an effect of the dynamical evolution of the IGM. Anisotropic outflows expand preferentially into underdense gas, but that gas can later accrete onto overdense structures. The inclusion of photoionization greatly reduces the formation of low-mass galaxies at redshifts z < 3. The result is a decline in the physical extent of galactic outflows after z = 3 as accretion overwhelms the expansion of new outflows and reduces feedback in underdense regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".