Living Together or Communicating at a Distance: Structural and Associational Solidarity Between Mid-life Parent and Adult Child in New Zealand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article draws on the theoretical construct of micro-level intergenerational solidarity developed by Bengtson and others to establish the factors influencing the associative and structural dimensions of solidarity for the dyad of mid-life parent and young adult child. This dyadic relationship may be subject to the constraining effects of responsibilities associated with mid-life, and the increasingly complex process associated with youth transition to adulthood, suggesting the potential for weakened intergenerational bonds of co-residence and communication. Empirical analysis, using multivariate logistic regression techniques draws on data from a 1997 New Zealand sample survey examining intergenerational relations between individuals aged 40-54 and their children and ageing parents. Results indicate that marital status, gender, religion and ethnicity exert a particular influence on both dimensions of solidarity, and that the potentially constraining factors of household income, employment, family size and the presence of ageing parents do not appear to weaken them unduly. Results do suggest that both dimensions of solidarity are weakened by parental divorce and separation, but remain the strongest when children share a biological link with parents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".