The International Dimension of U.S. Expansions: A Structural VAR Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the international dimension of productivity and demand shocks in the U.S. using sign restrictions based on standard theory predictions. Identifying shocks to U.S. manufacturing--our measure of tradables--we find that productivity gains have substantial aggregate demand effects, boosting U.S. consumption and investment, relative to the rest of the world, thus raising real imports; net exports and U.S. net foreign assets correspondingly decrease. At the same time, however, these shocks appreciate the U.S. real exchange rate, improve the terms of trade and raise stock prices. Shocks to the demand for U.S. manufacturing appear to have less pronounced aggregate effects, with little impact on trade and capital accounts; they lead to a (delayed) dollar appreciation, however. Our findings provide novel evidence on key channels of the international transmission of shocks, pointing to a low degree of consumption risk sharing as an essential feature of the transmission mechanism, and suggesting that strong wealth effects play an important role in generating aggregate demand fluctuations across countries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".