Effect of Bt cotton on small and medium scale farmers' income in the Telegana region, Andhra Pradesh, India 2002-2005
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of my practicum was to determine the real effect of Telegana farmers' use of Cotton with the Bt trait on their abilities to increase their incomes over 1-3 growing seasons, primarily from smaller scale farmers' perspectives, while taking into account farmers' existing vulnerabilities and the current policy environment. Data collection methods included group activities and semi-structured interviews. The study found that the farmers' use of Bt Cotton has generally had a marginal effect on their abilities to increase their incomes due to the effect of ongoing irrigation problems, the lack of affordable institutional credit, volatile cotton prices and other issues. The highly variable performance of Bt Cotton seed varieties, possibly caused by fraudulent seed in circulation, also posed hardships for many farmers. Overall, the practicum findings add to the debates about the effect of agricultural biotechnology use, particularly Bt Cotton, on the poor by showing that the use of the new technology did not significantly improve the lives of farmers because it was not accompanied by adequate policies or programs designed to address farmers' ongoing problems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".