Tracer study to verify hydraulic limits and determine water residence times in a distribution system: Part I
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research Article| December 30 2014 Tracer study to verify hydraulic limits and determine water residence times in a distribution system: Part I François-Julien Delisle; François-Julien Delisle 1Roche Ltd Consulting Group, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Simon Rochette; Simon Rochette 2Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Geneviève Pelletier; Geneviève Pelletier 3Department of Civil and Water Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Université Laval, Pavillon Adrien Pouliot, 1065, avenue de la Médicine, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada E-mail: genevieve.pelletier@gci.ulaval.ca Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Manuel J. Rodriguez Manuel J. Rodriguez 4ESAD, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua (2015) 64 (3): 365–377. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2014.050 Article history Received: April 16 2014 Accepted: November 17 2014 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Permissions Search Site Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThis Journal Search Advanced Search Citation François-Julien Delisle, Simon Rochette, Geneviève Pelletier, Manuel J. Rodriguez; Tracer study to verify hydraulic limits and determine water residence times in a distribution system: Part I. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 1 May 2015; 64 (3): 365–377. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2014.050 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex This study introduces a methodology for assessing the residence times of drinking water in distribution systems using a tracer. The injection of a tracer followed by an intensive sampling campaign was used to evaluate the residence times of water in Quebec City's main system, which is supplied by the St Charles River. Samples were also analysed to determine the hardness and conductivity of the water in order to identify interconnections with a neighbouring system supplied by the St Lawrence River, a source with different properties. To validate the assumptions of interconnectivity, a complementary conductivity campaign was carried out. The tracer campaign allowed us to obtain the mean residence times (MRTs) within the study area and to target areas with low and high MRTs between 6 and 33 h. The mixing zones between water from the various sources and with longer MRTs following a stay in a reservoir were also identified. Results of this study were used to develop strategies to minimise MRT in order to improve water quality. These strategies are presented in the 'companion paper' (Part II) in this issue. conductivity, hardness, tracer study, water distribution systems, water quality, water residence time © IWA Publishing 2015 You do not currently have access to this content.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".