Bibliographic record
Abstract
Economic growth of a nation is assessed in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), 1 as this measure encompasses the performance of all economic activities undertaken in the country. The GDP represents the unduplicated sum total of all goods and services produced within the geographical boundary of the country. It also represents the value addition done as a result of various economic activities carried out during a given period; say for a quarter or annual GDP. In the recent past, the surge in the GDP growth rates of India (and China, as well as those of Russia and Brazil, the four countries together being termed as BRIC countries) has made India as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The GDP in the first two quarters of 2007-08 has logged 9.3 per cent and 8.9 per cent. These follow a sequence of 15 successive quarters of high growth rates, beginning with Quarter ending September of 2003. In terms of annual numbers, the GDP growth for the year 2007-08 is currently assessed at 8.7 per cent, following the 9.6 per cent growth rate in 2006-07 and 9.4 per cent in 2005-06, 7.5 per cent in 2004-05 and 8.5 per cent in 2003-04. The average growth of the economy in the Tenth Plan now stands at 7.8 per cent, very close to the targeted 8 per cent. The objective of this paper is to assess the structural shift that has taken place in the Indian economy since the 1950s. The analysis has been carried out using the data available on GDP (both by economic activity and its expenditures) in four different periods, namely, 1950-80, 1980-92, 1992-2002 and 2002-08. The choice of the periods has been to identify the structural shifts in the economy since Independence, namely, the period of stagnating economic growth, initiation of first set of economic reforms, the post 1991 reform period of 8th and 9th five year plans and the high growth phase of the 10th plan period. The paper also tries to assess the Indian economy, from the demand side in terms of GDP expenditures, namely, the consumption expenditure, capital formation and net exports, to see whether the growth is driven by consumption or investment or exports.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".