The Overwintering Strategy of Hatchling Painted Turtles, or How to Survive in the Cold without Freezing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) are common residents of shallow lakes and marshes across much of North America east of the Rocky Mountains—so common, in fact, that the species has become a “model organism” for studies on the ecology and evolution of chelonians (Wilbur and Morin 1988). The natural history of painted turtles differs from that of most other species in an important respect, however. Whereas neonates of other freshwater turtles usually emerge from their subterranean nest in late summer or autumn and move to a nearby marsh, lake, or stream to spend their first winter, hatchling painted turtles typically remain inside their shallow (8–14 cm) nest throughout their first winter and do not emerge above the ground until the following spring (Ernst et al. 1994). This behavior commonly causes neonatal painted turtles in northern regions—from Nebraska (Packard 1997, Packard et al. 1997a), northern Illinois (Weisrock and Janzen 1999), and New Jersey (DePari 1996) northward to the limit of distribution in southern Canada (Storey et al. 1988)—to be exposed during winter to ice and cold, with temperatures in some nests dipping below –10°C (Figure 1). Many of these hatchlings withstand such extremes and emerge from the nest when the soil finally thaws in the spring (Table 1).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".