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Calibration of the Advanced LIGO detectors for the discovery of the binary black-hole merger GW150914
B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, M. R. Abernathy, K. Ackley, C. Adams, P. Addesso, R. X. Adhikari, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, A. Ain, P. Ajith, B. Allen, P. A. Altin, D. Amariutei, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, K. Arai, M. C. Araya, C. C. Arceneaux, J. S. Areeda, K. G. Arun, G. Ashton, M. Ast, S. M. Aston, P. Aufmuth, C. Aulbert, P. T. Baker, S. Ballmer, J. C. Barayoga, S. E. Barclay, B. C. Barish, D. Barker, B. Barr, L. Barsotti, J. Bartlett, I. Bartos, R. Bassiri, J. C. Batch, C. Baune, B. Behnke, A. S. Bell, C. Bell, B. K. Berger, J. Bergman, G. Bergmann, C. P. L. Berry, J. Betzwieser, S. Bhagwat, R. Bhandare, I. A. Bilenko, G. Billingsley, J. Birch, R. Birney, S. Biscans, A. Bisht, C. Biwer, J. K. Blackburn, C. D. Blair, D. G. Blair, R. M. Blair, O. Bock, T. P. Bodiya, C. Bogan, A. Bohé, P. Bojtos, C. Bond, R. Bork, S. Bose, P. R. Brady, V. B. Braginsky, J. E. Brau, M. Brinkmann, P. Brockill, A. F. Brooks, D. Brown, D. D. Brown, N. M. Brown, C. C. Buchanan, A. Buikema, A. Buonanno, R. L. Byer, L. Cadonati, C. Cahillane, J. Calderón Bustillo, T. A. Callister, J. B. Camp, K. C. Cannon, J. Cao, C. D. Capano, S. Caride, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, C. Cepeda, R. Chakraborty, T. Chalermsongsak, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Chan, S. Chao, P. Charlton, H. Y. Chen, Y. Chen, C. Cheng, H. S. Cho, M. Cho, J. H. Chow, N. Christensen, Q. Chu, S. Chung, G. Ciani, F. Clara, J. A. Clark, C. G. Collette, L. Cominsky, M. Constancio, D. Cook, T. R. Corbitt, Neil J. Cornish, A. Corsi, C. A. Costa, M. W. Coughlin, S. B. Coughlin, S. T. Countryman, P. Couvares, D. M. Coward, M. J. Cowart, D. C. Coyne, R. Coyne, K. Craig, J. D. E. Creighton, J. Cripe, S. G. Crowder, A. Cumming, L. Cunningham, T. Dal Canton, S. L. Danilishin, K. Danzmann, N. S. Darman, I. Dave, H. Daveloza, G. S. Davies, E. J. Daw, D. DeBra, W. Del Pozzo, T. Denker, T. Dent, V. Dergachev, R. T. DeRosa, R. DeSalvo, S. Dhurandhar, M. C. Díaz, I. Di Palma, G. Dojcinoski, F. Donovan, K. L. Dooley, S. Doravari, R. Douglas, T. P. Downes, M. Drago, R. W. P. Drever, J. C. Driggers, Zhihui Du, S. E. Dwyer, T. B. Edo, M. C. Edwards, A. Effler, H.-B. Eggenstein, P. Ehrens, J. Eichholz, S. S. Eikenberry, W. Engels, R. C. Essick, T. Etzel, M. Evans, T. M. Evans, R. Everett, M. Factourovich, H. Fair, S. Fairhurst, X. Fan, Q. Fang, B. Farr, W. M. Farr, M. Favata, M. Fays, H. Fehrmann, M. M. Fejer, E. C. Ferreira, R. P. Fisher, M. Fletcher, Z. Frei, A. Freise, R. Frey, T. T. Fricke, P. Fritschel, V. V. Frolov, P. Fulda, M. Fyffe, H. A. Gabbard, J. R. Gair, S. G. Gaonkar, G. Gaur, N. Gehrels, J. George, L. Gergely, Abhirup Ghosh, J. A. Giaime, K. D. Giardina, K. Gill, A. Glaefke, E. Goetz, L. Gondan, G. González, A. Gopakumar, Neil Gordon, M. L. Gorodetsky, S. E. Gossan, C. Graef, P. B. Graff, A. Grant, S. Gras, C. Gray, A. C. Green, H. Grote, S. Grünewald, X. Guo, Anchal Gupta, Manoj Gupta, K. E. Gushwa, E. K. Gustafson, R. Gustafson, J. J. Hacker, E. D. Hall, G. Hammond, M. Haney, M. M. Hanke, J. Hanks, C. Hanna, M. D. Hannam, J. Hanson, T. Hardwick, I. W. Harry, M. J. Hart, M. T. Hartman, C.‐J. Haster, K. Haughian, M. C. Heintze, M. Hendry, I. S. Heng, J. Hennig, A. W. Heptonstall, M. Heurs, S. Hild, D. Hoak, K. A. Hodge, S. E. Hollitt, K. Holt, D. E. Holz, P. Hopkins, David J. Hosken, J. Hough, E. A. Houston, E. J. Howell, Yi-Ming Hu, S. Huang, E. A. Huerta, S. Husa, S. H. Huttner, T. Huynh-Dinh, A. Idrisy, N. Indik, D. R. Ingram, R. Inta, H. N. Isa, M. Isi, G. Islas, T. Isogai, B. R. Iyer, K. Izumi, H. Jang, K. Jani, S. Jawahar, F. Jiménez‐Forteza, W. W. Johnson, D. I. Jones, R. W. L. Jones, L. Ju, K. Haris, C. V. Kalaghatgi, V. Kalogera, S. Kandhasamy, G. Kang, J. B. Kanner, S. Karki, M. Kasprzack, E. Katsavounidis, W. Katzman, S. Kaufer, T. Kaur, K. Kawabe, F. Kawazoe, M. S. Kehl, D. Keitel, D. B. Kelley, W. Kells, R. Kennedy, J. S. Key, A. Khalaidovski, F. Y. Khalili, S. Khan, Z. Khan, Е. А. Хазанов, N. Kijbunchoo, C. Kim, J. Kim, K. Kim, N. Kim, Y.-M. Kim, E. J. King, P. J. King, D. L. Kinzel, J. S. Kissel, L. Kleybolte, S. Klimenko, S. M. Koehlenbeck, K. Kokeyama, V. Kondrashov, A. Kontos, M. Korobko, W. Z. Korth, D. B. Kozak, V. Kringel, C. Krueger, A. Królak, P. Kumar, L. Kuo, B. D. Lackey, M. Landry, J. Lange, B. Lantz, P. D. Lasky, A. Lazzarini, C. Lazzaro, P. Leaci, S. Leavey, E. O. Lebigot, Chang‐Hwan Lee, H. K. Lee, Hyung Mok Lee, K. Lee, A. Lenon, J. R. Leong, Y. Levin, B. M. Levine, T. G. F. Li, A. Libson, T. B. Littenberg, N. A. Lockerbie, J. Logue, A. L. Lombardi, J. E. Lord, M. Lormand, J. D. Lough, H. Lück, A. P. Lundgren, J. Luo, Ryan S. Lynch, Y. Ma, T. MacDonald, B. Machenschalk, M. MacInnis, D. M. Macleod, F. Magaña-Sandoval, R. M. Magee, M. Mageswaran, Ilya Mandel, V. Mandic, V. Mangano, G. L. Mansell, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, A. S. Markosyan, E. Maros, I. W. Martin, R. M. Martin, Д. В. Мартынов, J. N. Marx, K. Mason, T. J. Massinger, M. Masso‐Reid, F. Matichard, L. Matone, N. Mavalvala, N. Mazumder, G. Mazzolo, R. McCarthy, D. E. McClelland, S. McCormick, S. C. McGuire, G. McIntyre, J. McIver, D. J. McManus, S. T. McWilliams, G. D. Meadors, A. Melatos, G. Mendell, D. Mendoza-Gandara, R. A. Mercer, E. L. Merilh, S. Meshkov, C. Messenger, C. Messick, P. M. Meyers, H. Miao, H. Middleton, Е. Е. Михайлов, K. N. Mukund, J. Miller, M. Millhouse, J. Ming, S. Mirshekari, C. Mishra, S. Mitra, V. P. Mitrofanov, G. Mitselmakher, R. Mittleman, S. R. P. Mohapatra, C. J. Moore, D. Moraru, G. Moreno, S. R. Morriss, K. Mossavi, C. M. Mow–Lowry, C. Mueller, G. Mueller, A. W. Muir, Arunava Mukherjee, D. Mukherjee, S. Mukherjee, A. Mullavey, J. Münch, D. Murphy, P. G. Murray, A. Mytidis, R. K. Nayak, V. Necula, K. Nedkova, A. Neunzert, G. Newton, Thanh Thi Nguyen, A. B. Nielsen, A. Nitz, D. Nolting, M. E. N. Normandin, L. K. Nuttall, J. Oberling, E. Ochsner, J. O’Dell, E. Oelker, G. H. Ogin, J. J. Oh, S. H. Oh, F. Ohme, M. Oliver, P. Oppermann, Richard J. Oram, B. O’Reilly, R. O’Shaughnessy, C. D. Ott, D. J. Ottaway, R. S. Ottens, H. Overmier, B. J. Owen, A. Pai, S. A. Pai, J. R. Palamos, O. Palashov, A. Pal‐Singh, H. Pan, C. Pankow, F. Pannarale, B. C. Pant, M. A. Papa, H. R. Paris, W. Parker, D. Pascucci, Z. Patrick, B. L. Pearlstone, M. Pedraza, L. Pekowsky, A. Pele, S. Penn, R. Pereira, A. Perreca, M. Phelps, V. Pierro, I. M. Pinto, M. Pitkin, A. Post, J. Powell, J. Prasad, V. Predoi, S. S. Premachandra, T. Prestegard, Larry R. Price, M. Principe, S. Privitera, L. Prokhorov, O. Puncken, M. Pürrer, H. Qi, J. Qin, V. Quetschke, E. A. Quintero, R. Quitzow-James, F. J. Raab, D. S. Rabeling, H. Radkins, P. Raffai, S. Raja, M. Rakhmanov, V. Raymond, J. Read, C. M. Reed, S. Reid, D. H. Reitze, H. Rew, K. Riles, N. A. Robertson, R. Robie, J. G. Rollins, V. J. Roma, G. Romanov, J. H. Romie, S. Rowan, A. Rüdiger, K. Ryan, S. Sachdev, T. Sadecki, L. Sadeghian, M. Saleem, F. Salemi, A. Samajdar, L. Sammut, E. J. Sanchez, V. Sandberg, B. Sandeen, J. R. Sanders, B. S. Sathyaprakash, P. R. Saulson, O. Sauter, R. L. Savage, A. Sawadsky, P. Schale, R. Schilling, P. Schmidt, R. Schnabel, R. M. S. Schofield, A. Schönbeck, E. Schreiber, D. Schuette, B. F. Schutz, J. Scott, S. M. Scott, D. Sellers, A. Sergeev, G. Serna, A. Sêvigny, D. A. Shaddock, M. S. Shahriar, M. Shaltev, Z. Shao, B. Shapiro, P. Shawhan, A. Sheperd, D. H. Shoemaker, D. M. Shoemaker, X. Siemens, D. Sigg, A. D. Silva, D. Simakov, A. Singer, L. P. Singer, A. Singh, R. Singh, A. M. Sintes, B. J. J. Slagmolen, J. R. Smith, N. D. Smith, R. J. E. Smith, E. J. Son, B. Sorazu, T. Souradeep, A. K. Srivastava, A. Staley, M. Steinke, J. Steinlechner, S. Steinlechner, D. Steinmeyer, B. C. Stephens, R. Stone, K. A. Strain, N. A. Strauss, S. Strigin, R. Sturani, A. L. Stuver, T. Z. Summerscales, L. Sun, P. J. Sutton, M. J. Szczepańczyk, D. Talukder, D. B. Tanner, M. Tápai, S. P. Tarabrin, A. Taracchini, R. Taylor, T. Theeg, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam, E. G. Thomas, M. Thomas, P. Thomas, K. A. Thorne, K. S. Thorne, E. Thrane, V. Tiwari, K. V. Tokmakov, C. Tomlinson, C. Torres, C. I. Torrie, D. Töyrä, G. Traylor, D. Trifirò, M. Tse, D. Tuyenbayev, D. Ugolini, B. Krishnan, A. L. Urban, S. A. Usman, H. Vahlbruch, G. Vajente, G. Valdes, D. C. Vander‐Hyde, S. Vass, R. Vaulin, A. Vecchio, J. Veitch, P. J. Veitch, K. Venkateswara, S. Vinciguerra, D. J. Vine, S. Vitale, T. Vo, C. Vorvick, W. D. Vousden, M. Wade, A. R. Wade, L. E. Wade, M. Walker, L. Wallace, S. Walsh, H. Wang, M. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, R. L. Ward, J. Warner, B. Weaver, M. Weinert, A. J. Weinstein, R. Weiss, T. Welborn, L. Wen, P. Weßels, T. Westphal, K. Wette, J. T. Whelan, D. J. White, B. F. Whiting, R. D. Williams, A. R. Williamson, J. L. Willis, B. Willke, M. H. Wimmer, W. Winkler, C. C. Wipf, H. Wittel, G. Woan, J. Worden, J. L. Wright, Guanglei Wu, J. Yablon, W. Yam, H. Yamamoto, C. C. Yancey, M. J. Yap, Hang Yu, M. Zanolin, M. Zevin, F. Zhang, L. Zhang, Mengcheng Zhang, Yu-Yang Zhang, C. Zhao, M. Zhou, Z. Zhou, X. J. Zhu, M. E. Zucker, S. E. Zuraw, J. Zweizig
Bibliographic record
VenuePhysical review. D/Physical review. D. · 2017
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicPulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Canadian institutionsCanadian Institute for Theoretical AstrophysicsUniversity of Toronto
FundersDivision of Human Resource DevelopmentAustralian Research CouncilScience and Technology Facilities CouncilSeventh Framework ProgrammeNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaMinistry of Education, IndiaMinistry of Science and Technology, TaiwanInstitut des Origines de LyonMinistero dello Sviluppo EconomicoScottish Funding CouncilKementerian Sains, Teknologi dan InovasiMPS EspañaNarodowe Centrum NaukiNational Research Foundation of KoreaRoyal SocietyMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research, IndiaCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueIndustry CanadaGovern de les Illes BalearsNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekNational Research FoundationInstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareEuropean CommissionStichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der MaterieScottish Universities Physics AllianceIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareDepartment of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, IndiaOntario Ministry of Economic Development and InnovationScience and Engineering Research BoardNational Science FoundationKavli Foundation
KeywordsGravitational waveLIGOPhysicsDetectorCalibrationBinary black holeOpticsAstrophysics
Abstract
In Advanced LIGO, detection and astrophysical source parameter estimation of the binary black hole merger GW150914 requires a calibrated estimate of the gravitational-wave strain sensed by the detectors. Producing an estimate from each detector's differential arm length control loop readout signals requires applying time domain filters, which are designed from a frequency domain model of the detector's gravitational-wave response. The gravitational-wave response model is determined by the detector's opto-mechanical response and the properties of its feedback control system. The measurements used to validate the model and characterize its uncertainty are derived primarily from a dedicated photon radiation pressure actuator, with cross-checks provided by optical and radio frequency references. We describe how the gravitational-wave readout signal is calibrated into equivalent gravitational-wave-induced strain and how the statistical uncertainties and systematic errors are assessed. Detector data collected over 38 calendar days, from September 12 to October 20, 2015, contain the event GW150914 and approximately 16 days of coincident data used to estimate the event false alarm probability. The calibration uncertainty is less than 10% in magnitude and 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in phase across the relevant frequency band, 20 Hz to 1 kHz.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.007
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.010
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.007
Threshold uncertainty score0.036
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.018
GPT teacher head0.451
Teacher spread0.432 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations131
Published2017
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes