Vulnerability of buildings to blast loads and progressive collapse
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study is intended to contribute to the understanding of the behaviour of buildings when subjected to blast loads, and to assess the potential for progressive collapse when columns are lost or severely damaged due to blasts. The objective of the study is twofold, i.e., (i) to investigate the performance of reinforced concrete frame buildings subjected to blast loads, and (ii) to assess the vulnerability of such buildings to progressive collapse. Two buildings designed for Ottawa in accordance with the 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada were used to achieve these objectives. One of the buildings was designed as a moderately ductile, and the other one as a ductile frame building. For the purpose of the first objective, nonlinear time history analyses were conducted to the moderately ductile building for a number of bomb blast scenarios. Blast loads resulting from detonations of 125 kg, 250 kg, and 500 kg TNT at distances of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 m from the building were used in the analysis. The performance of the building was assessed by considering the interstorey drifts, displacement ductilities, and curvature ductilities obtained from the analysis. The results from the analyses showed that the building could be severely damaged and even could collapse when subjected to blast loads due to bomb detonations at distances smaller than 15 m from the building. Regarding the second objective, both the moderately ductile and the ductile buildings were analysed following the guidelines for progressive collapse analysis and design, prepared by the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA). Columns were removed at the first storey of each building. The following three cases were considered: (i) exterior column removed, (ii) corner column removed, and (iii) interior column removed. Elastic static analysis was conducted for each of these cases using 3-D models, and applying loads as required by the GSA guidelines. The demand/capacity ratios obtained from the analysis, and the GSA criteria were used for the assessment of the vulnerability to progressive collapse. The results showed that the ductile building is much more vulnerable to progressive collapse than the moderately ductile building.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".