Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large discrete air pockets trapped along the crown of a nearly horizontal stormwater tunnel have been shown in laboratory experiments to produce large vertical surges of water as the air is expelled through a vertical riser connected to the tunnel crown. The phenomenon has been hypothesized as the source of observed geysers from manholes in such systems. A previous theor-etical framework that assumes an unlimited supply of air has been shown to reproduce the essential details of laboratory experiments although deviations were observed in tests with smaller air volumes. However, it is clear that if the air volume is sufficiently small, reduced surges must occur. Previous experi-ments also indicate that riser diameter is a significant parameter with smaller diameters resulting in larger surges. Experiments were conducted in which the air pocket volume and riser diameter were systematically varied. Vertical surges (when normalized by the tunnel diameter) from ~0.2 to>25 were observed, confirming that larger surges were associated with larger air pocket volumes and smaller riser diam-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".