EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL STIMULATION OF IRANIAN FRACTURED CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCKS AS AN EOR POTENTIAL, THE IMPACT ON SPONTANEOUS IMBIBITION AND CAPILLARY PRESSURE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Beside their worldwide abundance, oil recovery from fractured carbonate reservoirs is commonly low. Such reservoirs are usually oil-wet, thus, water ooding leads into early breakthrough and low recovery due to the high conductivity of the fracture network, negative capillary pressure of the matrix and, consequently, the poor spontaneous imbibitions of water from fractures into the matrix during the course of water ooding. In such problematic reservoirs, changing the wettability of the matrix toward water-wetness can improve spontaneous imbibition by changing the sign and, thus, the direction of capillary forces, resulting in an improvement of water ood eciency and, consequently, oil recovery. A study of this technique on the most signi cant Iranian oil-producing reservoir, Asmari, seems necessary. Some surfactants of di erent ionic charges have been examined in this study. Asmari reservoir rock samples were used and the petrophysical and mineralogical properties of the rock samples were determined by both thin section analysis and core ooding techniques. Interfacial tension measurements have been done to decide surfactant solution concentrations. Capillary pressure measurements were conducted both before and after wettability alteration. Amott-Harvey and USBM wettability indices were determined. Among the surfactants, a cationic one could best raise the level of spontaneous imbibition. Favourable changes in the wettability indices were observed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".