Bibliographic record
Abstract
This essay examines James Madison's thought and politics with respect to American Indian nations, demonstrating that he recognized their sovereignty and land rights, aiming to keep them insulated from interference by the states and denying the main theoretical justifications for exercising rule over them or taking their lands. It ties together his normative writings and constitutional work, and closes with a little-known episode from his presidency, in which he tried (and failed) to protect Indian allies of the United States from the depredations of Andrew Jackson. The eventual constitutional settlement, that Indian tribes are domestic dependent subject to plenary legislative authority of Congress, is alien to Madison's constitutional vision; the Indian commerce clause was not a grant of such authority, any more than the authority to regulate commerce with other nations granted plenary legislative authority over them. For originalists, this should count as evidence against the compatibility of current Indian law with the meaning of the Constitution; and for students of Madison's thought, it shows that the Federalist 10 analysis of factions was not the only way in which he thought about group pluralism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.018 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".