Yeast population dynamics during inoculated and spontaneous fermentations at three local British Columbia wineries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Little assessment of yeast assemblages has occurred in Canadian wineries, unlike other large wine producing regions (Spain, Italy, Argentina). The aim of this study was to compare yeast assemblages during inoculated and spontaneous fermentations at three Canadian wineries. The wineries (Quails’ Gate Estate Winery, QGEW; Cedar Creek Estate Winery, CCEW; and Road13 Estate Winery, R13EW) are located in the Okanagan wine region, British Columbia. All three wineries have a history of using commercial yeast. During the 2010 vintage, nine inoculated and three spontaneous Vitis vinifera L. var. Pinot noir fermentations were sampled from four distinct stages of fermentation. Yeast populations from inoculated fermentations were also assessed at QGEW during the following vintage in 2011. Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates were discriminated at the strain level by microsatellite analysis of hyperviariable trinucelotide loci. Non-Saccharomyces species were identified by sequencing the ITS and the D1/D2 domain regions of the large subunit of rDNA. Non-Saccharomyces spp., particularly Henseniaspora uvarum, were the dominant yeasts detected during cold-soak at all three wineries. Spontaneous fermentation appeared to have a greater species/strain diversity/richness than inoculated fermentation at the youngest (R13EW) of the three wineries. Commercial strains were isolated in relatively low frequencies in the spontaneous fermentation at this winery, whereas at the older wineries (QGEW and CCEW) commercial strains dominated fermentation. R13EW was the only winery where the commercial ADY inoculant fully implanted. At QGEW and CCEW, a commercial yeast, Lalvin® ICV-D254, was the major non-inoculant strain detected in both inoculated and spontaneous fermentations. Only QGEW and CCEW reported previous use of this strain in other varietals. Nevertheless, the different wineries exhibited unique yeast species/strain assemblages at all stages of fermentation, even cold-soak. During both vintages studied at QGEW, the non-inoculant ADY strain (Lalvin® ICV-D254) was dominant or co-dominant in inoculated fermentation. Thus, mixed-strain populations in inoculated tanks were observed in both years. This study emphasizes the need for further research on whether the age of a winery is a major factor in affecting the yeast assemblage of fermenting wine, the source(s) of non-inoculant yeast, and the effects yeasts have on the sensorial attributes of the finished wine product.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".