Bibliographic record
Abstract
Review: Bronx Ecology: Blueprint for a New Environmentalism By Allen Hershkowitz Reviewed by Kathy Piselli Vistronix, Inc., USA Allen Hershkowitz. Bronx Ecology: Blueprint for a New Environmentalism. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002. 200 pp. ISBN 1-55963-864-8 (trade cloth). US$25.00 Products manufactured by the pulp and paper industry generate air pollution, hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, water pollution, soil contamination, and tons of greenhouse gases at virtually every stage of their life cycle. This is because more than 90% of the printing and office paper manufactured in the United States and Canada, and 70% of all newsprint, is made completely from virgin content. 1 What to do? Some have tried reducing consumption. Some recycle. But no one has set out to establish a factory that would engage in environmentally sound practices while turning a profit. This is what Hershkowitz, a senior scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council, attempted in 1992. This book explains what happened to this dream. Why the Bronx? Hershkowitz sought to site his project in New York City's poorest ZIP code in an attempt to marry environmental remediation and economic development. He anticipated creating 2,200 temporary construction jobs and 400 permanent, livable-wage jobs. Hershkowitz faced significant problems as he negotiated the shoals of a large-scale industrial development scheme. He had difficulty getting political help, even from one self-styled progressive. His group was threatened with lawsuits from competing construction companies who hoped to win the contract, a practice Hershkowitz says occurs more frequently than one might suspect. In 1998 the IRS eliminated a rare tax break for recycling facilities. While detailing the problems, Hershkowitz suggests solutions. He was aware that some of his problems would not be problems for others. Here we find the reason for his taking the trouble to publish this book. His final chapter outlines 14 principles that can guide anyone who wants to try again. Several of these are just good business sense: Be profitable. Partner. Others are unique, such as principle #13: Heal ecological problems; don't just generate fewer of them. What a fascinating business principle! As Hershkowitz says, merely generating fewer problems does not change the
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.016 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".