Endectocide use in cattle and fecal residues: environmental effects in Canada.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Endectocides, or macrocyclic lactones, are veterinary parasiticides used globally to control nematodes and arthropods affecting livestock. Cattle treated with these products fecally excrete residues that are toxic to dung-inhabiting insects, including species that accelerate dung degradation. Concerns have been raised that use of endectocides may reduce insect diversity and cause the accumulation of undegraded dung on pastures. This article synthesizes the results of studies performed to assess the nontarget effects of endectocide use in Canada. Residues reduce insect activity in dung of treated cattle for weeks to months after application. The duration of effect is influenced by several factors, including insect species and product. For example, in terms of toxicity, doramectin > ivermectin approximately equal to eprinomectin >> moxidectin. Reduced insect activity may retard dung degradation. Within the framework of regional conditions and management practices, endectocide use in Canada is unlikely to pose a significant widespread threat to the environment. Nevertheless, nontarget effects may be of concern to individual cow-calf operators, particularly those treating cattle in the spring. This synthesis, the first assessment of the nontarget effects of endectocide use in Canada, emphasizes the importance of presenting findings within an appropriate context.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".