Seroprevalence of Strongyloidiasis and Schistosomiasis Among Immigrants and Refugees in Montreal, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background. Strongyloides and Schistosoma can persist for decades asymptomatically. Strongyloides can rapidly evolve into life-threatening disseminated disease after immunosuppression and chronic untreated Schistosomiasis can result in end stage liver disease and bladder cancer. Current United States and Canadian guidelines only recommend screening refugee populations for these parasites even though they make up a small proportion (<10%) of all potentially at risk migrants. The objective of this study was to measure and compare the seroprevalence of Strongyloides and Schistosoma in both immigrants and refugees. Methods. 1297 foreign-born adults (≥18 years), living ≤5 years in Canada, were recruited between October 2002 and December 2004. Socio-demographic information was collected via a questionnaire. Antibodies to recombinant Strongyloides stercoralis NIE antigen [Optical density (OD) <0.30 = negative, ≥0.30 = positive] and Schistosoma mansoni [OD <0.40 = negative, ≥0.40 = positive] were detected by ELISA on stored, banked sera. Results. The mean age was 32.4 ± 8.8 years, 66% were female, and 44% were refugees. Overall, 31.3% [95% CI: 29-34%] had antibodies to strongyloides and ranged from 22-45% in 6 different geographic regions. In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age, sex, region of origin, and several socioeconomic factors, positive strongyloides serology was more common in men [OR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.8] and in refugees compared to immigrants [OR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.01-2.0]. Although refugees were more likely to be seropositive for Strongyloides [36.7%, 95% CI: 33-40%], a total of 26% (95% CI: 23-29%) of immigrants also had positive serology. Overall 7.4% had Schistosoma antibodies and those from sub-Saharan Africa were the most likely to be seropositive [19.9%, 95% CI 4-26%]. In multivariate analysis, the only significant predictor of positive Schistosoma serology was originating from sub-Saharan Africa [OR 6.1, 95% CI: 2.9-12.7]. Conclusion. A large proportion of both immigrants and refugees from all world regions are infected with strongyloides. Migrants from sub-Saharan Africa are at greatest risk for schistosoma. Both immigrants and refugees are at risk for these diseases and may benefit from targeted screening programs and or empiric treatment. Disclosures. All authors: No reported disclosures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".