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Record W2281898115

Bei der Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen liegt Ostdeutschland vorn

2014· article· de· W2281898115 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Elke Holst, Anna Wieber

Bibliographic record

VenueEconstor (Econstor) · 2014
Typearticle
Languagede
FieldHealth Professions
TopicSocial and Demographic Issues in Germany
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsGermanGerman reunificationWest germanyQuarter (Canadian coin)Work (physics)DemographyDemographic economicsPolitical scienceGeographyHistoryEconomic historyEconomicsSociologyEngineeringArchaeology
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Almost a quarter of a century after the fall of the Wall, there are still more women in employment in eastern Germany than in the west. Admittedly, the difference is marginal now but the two regions started from dramatically different levels. Immediately after reunification (1991), the employment rate for women in western Germany was 54.6 percent but since then, this has increased year on year, reaching 67.5 percent in 2012. In eastern Germany, female employment initially plummeted after the fall of the Wall but then sharply increased again and, at 69.1 percent, exceeded the western German rate in 2012. In both parts of the country, women are more likely to work part-time today than in the past although, at 27.8 hours per week, the actual volume of work carried out by eastern German women is considerably higher than in the west (21.7 hours). According to a study conducted by DIW Berlin using Socio- Economic Panel (SOEP) data, however, many women would prefer to work more hours per week. A comparison of the desired, agreed, and actual weekly working hours of women in the east and west of the country shows that, on average, for eastern German women, all values in these three categories far exceed even the maximum values for western German women. In contrast, the majority of employed men would like to work a 40-hour week but this is a reality for only 22.6 percent of western German and 29.2 percent of eastern German men. The majority work longer hours despitethe fact that this is unpopular among men. The post-reunification changes had a significant impact on the lifestyle of couples with children: the modern breadwinner model (full-time father/part-time mother) is playing an increasing role in both parts of Germany - in western Germany, this has been at the expense of the sole breadwinner model (father as sole earner) and, in the east, at the expense of the equality model (both parents working full-time). Auch fast ein Vierteljahrhundert nach dem Mauerfall liegt die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen in Ostdeutschland immer noch höher als in Westdeutschland. Der Abstand ist heute allerdings gering. Gestartet sind die beiden Regionen von höchst unterschiedlichen Niveaus. Im Westen lag die Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen kurz nach der Wende (1991) bei 54, 6 Prozent und ist seitdem von Jahr zu Jahr auf 67, 5 Prozent (2012) gestiegen. In Ostdeutschland ging sie nach der Wende zunächst massiv zurück, stieg dann aber wieder deutlich an und lag 2012 mit 69, 1 Prozent leicht höher als im Westen. In beiden Teilen Deutschlands arbeiten Frauen häufiger in Teilzeit als früher, im Osten lag der tatsächliche Arbeitsumfang mit 27, 8 Wochenstunden 2013 aber deutlich höher als im Westen (21, 7 Stunden). Viele von ihnen, das zeigt die Studie des DIW Berlin auf Grundlage des SOEP, würden gern mehr Wochenstunden leisten. Vergleicht man die gewünschte, vereinbarte und tatsächliche Wochenarbeitszeit von Frauen in Ost und West, so liegen in der Durchschnittsbetrachtung die ostdeutschen Frauen in allen drei Kategorien über dem höchsten Wert aller Arbeitszeitgrößen im Westen. Die meisten erwerbstätigen Männer in Ost und West wollten 2013 hingegen 40 Wochenstunden arbeiten, tatsächlich tun dies aber im Westen nur 22, 6 Prozent und im Osten 29, 2 Prozent. Die meisten sind länger erwerbstätig; obwohl lange Arbeitszeiten auch bei den Männern unbeliebt sind. Die Veränderungen nach der Wende hatten erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Lebensformen in Paarhaushalten mit Kindern: Das modernisierte Ernährermodell (Vater Vollzeit / Mutter Teilzeit) hat in beiden Teilen Deutschlands an Gewicht hinzugewonnen – in Westdeutschland auf Kosten des Alleinernährermodells (Vater Alleinverdiener), im Osten auf Kosten des Egalitätsmodells mit zwei Vollzeitbeschäftigten.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.087
Threshold uncertainty score0.281

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.003
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.002
Science and technology studies0.0030.001
Scholarly communication0.0020.001
Open science0.0010.002
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0840.019

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.022
GPT teacher head0.317
Teacher spread0.295 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations6
Published2014
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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