Innate immune response of pullets fed diets supplemented with prebiotics and synbiotics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prebiotics and synbiotics are considered to be among the most promising replacements for in-feed antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in poultry feed. The current study was designed to study the effect of Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) (Control), yeast-derived carbohydrates (YDC), and a blend of YDC and probiotics [Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecium, Bacillus subtilis, and YDC] (SNB) in the performance and innate immune response of pullets. Feed intake and BW were measured on a weekly basis. At the end of the study (d 21), 10 birds/treatment were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and ileum, cecal tonsil, and spleen samples were collected for gene expression analysis. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in feed intake and G:F was observed among treatments. In the second and third wk age, higher BW gain was observed in SNB treatment compared to control and both control and YDC treatments, respectively. Expression of TLR2b was upregulated in YDC and SNB in the ileum, and in SNB in the spleen (P < 0.05). Expression of TLR4 was downregulated in SNB in the cecal tonsil. Expression of TLR21 was downregulated in YDC in the ileum, while it was upregulated in SNB in the spleen (P < 0.05). In the ileum, YDC resulted in downregulated IL-12p35, CxCLi2, and IL-13, and SNB resulted in upregulated IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-4 (P < 0.05). In the cecal tonsil, YDC resulted in upregulated IL-12p35, IL-2, IL-13 and IL-10, and SNB resulted in downregulated IL-2 and upregulated IL-13 and IL-10 (P < 0.05). In the spleen, YDC resulted in dowregulated IL-2 and CxCLi2, and SNB resulted in upregulated IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, no change in performance was observed. Innate immune response analysis showed SNB with a more potent effect compared to YDC where the former showed a balanced T-helper (Th)-1/Th-2 response locally and a more Th-2-dependent response systemically; SNB might provide a more beneficial immune modulation with maintaining immune homeostasis, which was observed in a strong IL-10 response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".