Inhaled Corticosteroids Should Not Be Prescribed to All Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
C orticosteroids are one of many therapeutic modalities that pose a clinical dilemma in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Years ago, the rationale for using corticosteroids in COPD was in part due to the unquestionable benefit in the treatment of asthma.As physicians, we have tended to transfer proven therapies from asthma to COPD.The hope has always been that inhaled corticosteroids will exert a similar effect in COPD patients as in asthma patients by suppressing inflammation reactions.The question of efficacy is of great importance, because long term use of corticosteroids, especially systemic or even high doses of inhaled corticosteroids, can potentially cause systemic adverse effects (1).As well, the cost associated with prescribing inhaled corticosteroids is far from negligible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".