Abstract: Reconstruction of pollution history in two Atlantic Canada estuaries impacted with two pollution kinds: industrial (Sydney Harbour) vs. domestic (Halifax Harbour) using benthonic foraminiferal proxies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The extensive analyses of foraminiferal assemblages were conducted on seven sediment cores from two impacted environments, Halifax Harbour (domestic) and Sydney Harbour (industrial) in Maritime Canada, to reconstruct an extensive history of preand post-impact environmental conditions of both areas. Presently, and without any baseline (target environment) studies, both areas underwent a remediation program at a cost of $400 million, after long, intensive, and untreated pollution. The characteristics of the foraminiferal assemblage (e.g., diversity, abundance, deformities, and inner linings) provided very strong evidence on pollution type, rate, and duration in both harbours. In Halifax Harbour, the major species were agglutinated since the high organic content caused low pH in the sediments that precluded preservation of calcareous tests. However, in Sydney Harbour many calcareous species were found, among them Ammonia beccarii, which had not been observed sub-tidally in high West Atlantic latitudes previously. The high diversity, dominant calcareous record, and presence of other fossil groups (e.g., ostracods, pelecypods, etc) within the cores of Sydney Harbour reflect the type (i.e., industrial), rate (i.e., low), and duration (i.e., short) of pollution in this area when compared to Halifax Harbour. In addition, ratios and types of deformities in foraminiferal shells showed a remarkable relation to pollution type and rate in both harbours. The present study provides a pollution record as well as a target environment for current remediation program and/or any future long term monitoring programs in both environments. Additionally, it is the first work to be done on benthonic foraminifera in Sydney Harbour. Furthermore, it documents the use of benthonic foraminifera as an accurate and cost effective tool for environmental studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".