The role of international human rights law in the development of South Africa's legislation on juvenile justice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The recognition that children accused of committing offences should be treated differently to adults is now over a century old. The 1899 Illinois juvenile Court Act, which is widely credited as providing the first example of legislation establishing a separate juvenile justice system (Clement 1977: 11-18; Dorhne & Gewerth 1995:54-70), celebrated its centenary in 1999. During the first years of the twentieth century, many jurisdictions followed the Illinois example and enacted legislation dealing with aspects of juvenile justice, as well as establishing separate institutions for the treatment of children in conflict with the law. Amongst the common law countries, these included the other states in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.025 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".