Dielectric Relaxation-Based Capacitive Heating of Oil Sands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An electrothermal method of capacitive heating of oil sands was investigated. Temperature-based impedance spectroscopy experiments for a given rich grade of oil sands were conducted to identify a suitable dielectric relaxation frequency for carrying out capacitive heating, which was observed to be around 65 kHz having a full width at half-maximum of two decades. This was attributed to interfacial polarizations at water, bitumen, and silicate mineral interfaces. The relaxation frequency changed with temperature rise, indicating that frequency tuning could be suitable to optimize capacitive heating. Hence, capacitive heating of oil sands was demonstrated by exposing it to high alternating electric fields (10 4 V/m) at a frequency in the dispersion regime of its relaxation frequency. As temperature increased, the overall impedance of oil sands decreased as determined from impedance spectroscopy. Frequency was retuned to match the changed impedance of the system, which ensured that temperature further increased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".