What are the Impacts of Late-Life Widowhood or Divorce on Income Replacement Rates?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article in the Economic Insights series examines the income replacement rates achieved in old age by Canadians who experienced marital dissolution, through either widowhood or divorce, after age 55. It is based on results published in the research paper Income Replacement Rates Among Canadian Seniors: The Effect of Widowhood and Divorce.There has long been concern regarding the financial security of seniors as they age, particularly among those experiencing marital dissolution in later life. It is often hypothesized that older individuals, particularly women, who experience marital dissolution are more likely to face financial challenges than those who remain married. Do late-life changes in marital status have an impact on the financial well-being of older Canadians? And are women more likely to be affected by such changes?Although financial well-being can have many dimensions, this paper focuses on the income replacement rates of a cohort of individuals aged 54 to 56 in 1983 to examine such a notion. The replacement rate can be defined as the extent to which family income during the working years-here, income at age 54 to 56-is being replaced by other sources of income when people reach a certain age-in this case, when the cohort reached age 78 to 80 (24 years later).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.036 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".