Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the conventional catalyst layer of polymer electrolyte fuel cells, the ionomer (e.g. Nafion) exists as an ultra-thin film (4-10 nm thick) coating the Pt/C catalyst aggregates. Recent studies [1-12], including those from our group, have begun to investigate the properties and structure of such thin ionomer films. Thickness-dependent properties including proton conduction (7, 11), wettability of free-surface(5), water uptake (2, 6) and water diffusivity (9) of such ultra-thin ionomer films have been observed. The influence of substrate and processing method has also been observed (12). A number of the properties of the thin ionomer films differ significantly from the much thicker counterpart, i.e. the free film or bulk ionomer membrane. The nanostructure of these films are less understood. And, although indirect methods such as x-ray reflectivity (1) and grazing incidence (2) small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) have been employed a clear picture of the nanostructure of these thin films has not emerged. The presentation will summarize the current understanding of ionomer thin film structure and properties. Results of recent and ongoing work on direct imaging of thin Nafion films to probe the nano-features of the phase-segregated morphology will be presented. Results of thermal behavior of thin films investigated using in-situ thermal ellipsometry will also be presented. Reference: A. Dura et al., Macromolecules 42 (2009), 4769-4774. M.A. Modestino et al., Macromolecules 2013, 46 (3), pp 867–873, 2013 M. Bass et al., Macromolecules 44 (2011), 2893–2899. Dishari, K. S.; Hickner, A. M. ACS Macro Lett., 1 (2012), 291-295. D.K Paul et al., Macromolecules, 46 (2013), 3461–3475 A. Kongkanand J. Phys. Chem. C, 115 (2011) 11318–11325. D.K. Paul, D. K Electrochem. Comm., 13 (2011), 774-777. A. Modestino et al., Macromolecules, 45 (2012), 4681–4688. S.A. Eastman, Macromolecules, 45 (2012), 7920−7930. D.K. Paul and K. Karan J. Phys. Chem. C, 118 (2014), 1828–1835. D.K. Paul et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 161 (2014), F1395-F1402 A. Kusoglu et al Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24 (30), 4763-4774
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".