Young and embedded clusters in Cygnus-X: evidence for building up the initial mass function?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We provide a new view on the Cygnus-X north complex by accessing for the first time the low mass content of young stellar populations in the region. Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope/Wide-Field Infrared Camera was used to perform a deep near-infrared survey of this complex, sampling stellar masses down to ∼0.1 M⊙. Several analysis tools, including a extinction treatment developed in this work, were employed to identify and uniformly characterize a dozen unstudied young star clusters in the area. Investigation of their mass distributions in low-mass domain revealed a relatively uniform log-normal initial mass function (IMF) with a characteristic mass of 0.32 ± 0.08 M⊙ and mass dispersion of 0.40 ± 0.06. In the high-mass regime, their derived slopes showed that while the youngest clusters (age < 4 Myr) presented slightly shallower values with respect to the Salpeter's, our older clusters (4 Myr < age < 18 Myr) showed IMF compliant values and a slightly denser stellar population. Although possibly evidencing a deviation from an ‘universal’ IMF, these results also supports a scenario where these gas-dominated young clusters gradually ‘build up’ their IMF by accreting low-mass stars formed in their vicinity during their first ∼3 Myr, before the gas expulsion phase, emerging at the age of ∼4 Myr with a fully fledged IMF. Finally, the derived distances to these clusters confirmed the existence of at least three different star-forming regions throughout Cygnus-X north complex, at distances of 500–900 pc, 1.4–1.7 and 3.0 kpc, and revealed evidence of a possible interaction between some of these stellar populations and the Cygnus OB2 association.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".