Anorexia in Patients with Smell Loss (Hyposmia) Corrected by Treatment with Intranasal Theophylline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patients with many disease processes including cancer, diabetes, hypothyroidism, viral infections, head injury, neurodegenerative disorders and other pathologies exhibit hyposmia, loss of ability to obtain flavor from food and subsequent anorexia and weight loss. While oral theophylline has been useful in correcting hyposmia in several of these clinical groups this drug has significant somatic side effects; its efficacy is both dose and time dependent and patients can develop drug resistance. In an effort to develop a more clinically beneficial method for treatment of hyposmia an open label, single source clinical trial was performed in 10 patients with hyposmia who were each studied before and after treatment with both oral and intranasal theophylline. On oral theophylline smell function improved in eight of the 10 patients; patients gained 3.4±0.9 lbs (Mean±SEM) over baseline. On intranasal theophylline smell function improved further in eight of 10 patients; patients gained an additional 4.5±1.4 lbs over that gained on oral theophylline. These data indicate that intranasal theophylline not only corrects hyposmia, as shown previously with oral theophylline, but also appears to improve appetite through increased ability to obtain flavor from food with subsequent enhancement of weight gain. This effect of intranasal theophylline occurs within days of treatment rather than after months of treatment with oral theophylline. Since many patients with several disease processes exhibit hyposmia with subsequent anorexia, treatment of these patients with intranasal theophylline appears to be a useful, novel method for improvement of both hyposmia and anorexia and superior to treatment with oral theophylline.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".