Characterisation of bentonite polymer for bottom liner use
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper aims to study the hydromechanical behaviour and the clay polymer interaction of amended Ca-bentonite. Specimens were formed by mixing Ca-bentonite with two soluble polyelectrolyte polymer powders. Some important parameters are studied: swelling, water adsorption and hydraulic performance for landfill applications. Tests are performed with tap water and synthetic leachate (SL) to reproduce the hydrochemical phenomena. Hydraulic performance tests were performed with an oedopermeameter. Tests results show that polymers tend to reduce the permeability when in contact with the SL. Water adsorption and free swell index tests confirmed that adsorption, swelling and permeability parameters depend on the clay polymer mixtures and that adding polymers improves the clay properties. Each polymer’s charges has a different effect: the anionic polymer gives low permeability to the mixture, and the cationic polymer enhances the bentonite swell ability and water retention, which can be used also as a performance index.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".