Abstract: An investigation of spatial and temporal variations of chloride concentrations in selected watersheds of southwestern Nova Scotia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Environment Canada has monitored the aquatic chemistry of the Kejimkujik region of southwestern Nova Scotia for thirty years and researchers have long recognized a chloride imbalance of outputs and inputs. A comparison of chloride output in streams to the chloride inputs of wet (precipitation) and dry (aerosols) deposition has revealed consistent and significant excess chloride in streams up to an order of magnitude greater than that measured in wet and dry deposition. The focus of this study is to identify and quantify the source(s) of the excess chloride. Presented here are preliminary synthesis results of the Environment Canada data set. These results display spatial and temporal variation of chloride concentrations offering insight into potential sources of excess chloride. Chloride concentrations are variable between watersheds, suggesting a geological or anthropogenic source of excess chloride. Seasonal variations of excess chloride suggest a possible unmeasured atmospheric source. Comparison of Na:Cl ratios in deposition and streams show the chloride in the stream is influenced by solid-phase sodium chloride, rather than the ionic phase in seawater. Chloride in streams is used as a proxy for marine sulphate contributions to the acidification of fresh waters. Identification of the source(s) of excess chloride in streams has implications for the calculation of the sulphate budget in fresh water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".