A PREFERENTIAL FOLDED CONFORMATION OF SOME BIS-(8-ISOPROPYL-ISOQUINOLINIUM) DERIVATIVES EXPLAINS STEREOSELECTIVE REDUCTION BY SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels play a role in modulating the firing rate and the firing pattern of neurons [Waroux, Eur J Neurosci, 2005, 22, 3111]. A blockade of these targets could be useful for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction, neuronal hyperexcitability or dopamine related disorders [Liégeois, Curr Med Chem, 2003, 10, 625]. At the peripheral level, the inhibition of these channels was demonstrated to prevent and terminate atrial fibrillation [Diness, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 2010, 3, 380]. Moreover, SK channels might represent potential targets for a new class of anticancer agents due to their involvement in breast cancer cell migration [Potier, Mol Cancer Ther, 2006, 5, 2946]. So far, available blockers are not suitable CNS pharmacological tools being either peptides or small molecules with permanent positive charges [Liégeois, Curr Med Chem, 2003, 10, 625; Graulich, J Med Chem, 2007, 50, 5070; Badarau, Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2011, 21, 6756]. Therefore, symmetrical bis-isoquinolinium compounds have subsequently been transformed to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline analogues by using sodium borohydride leading to a diastereoisomeric mixture (figure 1) in order to obtain potential CNS-penetrating agents [Graulich, Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2008, 18, 3440; Neny, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on In Vivo Methods, Vancouver, Canada, 2008, 267; Koulchitsky, Acta Physiologica, 2009, 195, 670]. Resolution of these mixtures and characterization of the corresponding stereoisomers [Wouters, Eur J Med Chem, 2010, 45, 3240] are necessary before further biological evaluation. In a series of 8- isopropyl analogues, chiral resolution failed for the analogues with propyl and m-xylyl linkers since two and one peaks, respectively, were detected [Nistor, J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2013, 74, 273]. Could these results be explained by an ineffective resolution or would another phenomenon be involved? Further analysis using chiral chromatography, mass spectroscopy and circular dichroism of a sample of the propyl analogue revealed that it is a racemic mixture. X-ray cristallography and conformational analysis indicated a folded conformation of the propyl and m-xylyl analogues (figure 2) responsible for a stereoselective attack of the borohydride reagent during the reduction step. Additional 1H-NMR investigations support structural features detected by theoretical analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".