Transesterification of palm oil in a microtube reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Transesterification of palm oil and methanol with KOH as a catalyst in biodiesel synthesis was studied in a microtube reactor. The first part is the investigation on the influences of catalyst amount (5–13 mg/g, 0.5–1.3 mass%), reaction temperature (52–70 °C), methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio (4.5:1–9:1), and residence time (5–20 s) on fatty acid methyl ester content (%FAME). The optimal %FAME of 97.14 % was achieved with the catalyst amount of 10 mg/g (1 mass%), operating at 60 °C, and using a methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio of 6:1 and a residence time of 5 s. High %FAME was obtained at low residence time due to the small size of droplets in the micro‐channel reactor. The second part deals with the effect of mixer and reactor geometry. A comparison between %FAME obtained from the synthesis in a batch stirred‐tank reactor and in a microtube suggested that the reaction proceeded much faster for the latter. The use of a T‐mixer provided superior reaction performance compared to the J‐mixer throughout the conditions studied.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".