The differential effect of restraint stress on early markers of atherosclerosis in male and female Apolipoprotein E null mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stress is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis. The initiation and progression of atherosclerosis involves upregulation of the LOX‐1 receptor (binds and uptakes oxLDL) and adhesion molecules such as VCAM‐1. Whether stress can affect these early markers is unknown. We hypothesized that stress can lead to upregulation of the LOX‐1 receptor and VCAM‐1 in ApoE−/− mice, a model for human atherosclerosis. Twelve week old male (n=3) and female (n=3) ApoE−/− mice were restrained for 2 hours per day for 14 consecutive days to create an animal model of emotional stress. Unstressed mice of both sexes (n=3 each) were used as controls. Induction of stress was confirmed by higher levels of corticosterone. After 2 weeks of stress, the mice were euthanized and the aortic root was examined using immunohistochemistry for LOX‐1 and VCAM‐1. In the male stressed mice, there was a trend for increased LOX‐1 receptor protein expression compared to controls (3807±1472 vs. 621±35 units, P=0.06) but not in VCAM‐1 expression. Interestingly, VCAM‐1 protein levels were lower in stressed females compared to controls (1032±163 vs. 7144±1046 units, P <0.001), while LOX‐1 expression was not changed. In conclusion, repeated restraint stress in male and female mice has differential effects on early markers of atherosclerosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".