Effects on long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) of removing canopy cover adjacent to breeding sites and in terrestrial habitats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Knowledge of the effects of logging on amphibians in British Columbia is limited. The long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum, is a pond-breeding species with a relatively widespread distribution in the province. I examined the effects of removing canopy cover on long-toed salamanders in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The study was conducted at the Opax Mountain Silvicultural Systems Research Area, near Kamloops, B.C. I compared the relative abundance of breeding salamanders in ponds with canopy cover conditions ranging from completely open to natural levels of canopy cover. Similar comparisons were made for juvenile salamanders emerging from breeding ponds. Capture rates of breeding salamanders were positively related to canopy cover index, and were higher in more permanent ponds. The same pattern was observed for emerging juvenile salamanders at one of the two replicate sites, Mud Lake. The relationship was different at the second site, Opax, where capture rates were negatively related to canopy cover index. Emergence of juveniles tended to start earlier at ponds at the Mud Lake site compared to those at Opax. Juvenile salamanders emerged earlier from more open ponds at the Opax site, but not at the Mud Lake site. Differences in effects between sites may result from the shorter growing season at the higher elevation Opax site, which would place constraints on the number of larvae that obtain a large enough size to reach metamorphosis. Higher temperatures in ponds that receive more sunlight would allow faster larval growth, thus increasing the number of emerging juvenile salamanders. The effect of reduced canopy cover on long-toed salamanders in terrestrial habitats was examined by comparing their relative abundance in 1.7- ha patch cut areas with that in uncut forested controls. The experiment was set up in a split-plot design, with volume of downed wood (high or low) as the split-plot factor. Very low capture rates at one of the two replicate sites limited my ability to detect differences between treatments. The pattern observed at the Mud Lake site suggests that activity of long-toed salamanders may be restricted in patch cuts during the summer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".