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Record W2290107518 · doi:10.3138/tjt.3187

Hell and the Problem of Eternal Evil

2015· article· en· W2290107518 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
James S. Spiegel

Bibliographic record

VenueToronto Journal of Theology · 2015
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldArts and Humanities
TopicTheology and Philosophy of Evil
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCommitMoral evilPhilosophyTraditionalismEpistemologyBelief in GodEconomic JusticePerspective (graphical)Good and evilPolitical ponerologyLaw

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Among the three major views of hell, the traditional view stands alone in affirming eternal conscious torment of the damned. This outcome may or may not be proportionate to the moral crimes human beings commit during their earthly sojourns. But even if there is no justice problem with the view, there remains a serious problem of another sort, for the view implies that evil exists eternally, in the form of unending suffering and moral evil. Just how this moral evil is to be construed depends on the particular form of traditionalism considered. I discuss the two approaches available to the traditionalist—the models of infinite earthly sin and of continuing sin—and show how each account implies the existence of eternal moral evil. The traditionalist, therefore, faces the problem of reconciling belief in God with the fact that a major aspect of reality remains forever unredeemed and in rebellion against God. Failing this, the traditionalist should abandon her view in favour of an alternative perspective to provide a coherent fit with belief in a perfectly good God.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.795
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.036
GPT teacher head0.244
Teacher spread0.207 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2015
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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