Endocytosis and trafficking of human lactoferrin in macrophage-like human THP-1 cells<sup>1</sup>This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Different cell types have been reported to internalize lactoferrin (Lf) by specific or nonspecific receptors. Our studies focused on the endocytic pathway of human Lf in macrophage-like THP-1 cells. Lactoferrin was found to be internalized by THP-1 cells differentiated with phorbol myristate acetate. Incubation of cells with chlorpromazine and dansylcadaverine, inhibitors of clathrin-dependent endocytosis, led to a 50% inhibition of Lf internalization compared with untreated cells. Bafilomycin A1 and NH(4)Cl treatment also resulted in 40%-60% inhibition, respectively, suggesting that the internalization of Lf may partly be mediated by acidic endosome-like organelles. Endocytic uptake of Lf was also cholesterol-dependent, as shown by methyl-β-cyclodextrin or nystatin treatment of the cells prior to internalization. Partial colocalization of Lf and EEA-1, a marker specific for early endosomes, could be observed. Colocalization of Lf with a specific endoplasmic reticulum marker was also detected. Our results suggest that Lf is internalized mainly by the clathrin-dependent pathway in THP-1 cells and targets the ER. The physiological consequences of this intracellular trafficking will be the subject of future investigations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".