The feasibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide as a coolant for the CANDU reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study indicates the technical feasibility of using supercritical carbon dioxide as a coolant for a CANDU-type reactor. A new concept of supercritical cooling loop is proposed in this study. The reactor is cooled by a single phase coolant, which is pumped at a high density liquid-like state. The supercritical-fluid-cooled reactor has the advantage of avoiding dryout as in gas-cooled reactors, and the advantage of low coolant-circulation power as for liquid-cooled reactors. As a result of eliminating dryout, the maximum operating temperature of the fuel sheath can be increased to 1021°F (550°C) for existing Canadian fuel bundles. Accordingly, the coolant temperature in the case study of this work was calculated to be 855°F. This high temperature coolant can produce steam at a temperature and pressure comparable to that of conventional fossil-fuel plants. However, since the exit coolant temperature from the steam generator may be as low as 280°F, a portion of the supercritical carbon dioxide coolant is used to produce low-pressure steam. A new dual-reheat cycle is proposed to reduce the high degree of irreversibility in the steam generation process. In the new dual-reheat cycle, the coolant heats the low and high pressure feeds in a parallel manner instead of alternative heating as in dual-pressure cycles. The ideal overall plant efficiency of the new proposed dual-reheat cycle is 33.02%, which is comparable to that of the Pickering generating station.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".