Multi-Frequency DEP Cytometer Employing a Microwave Sensor for Dielectric Analysis of Single Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a microfluidic device for in-flow dielectric characterization of single biological cells. The dielectric spectrum is obtained by measuring the multiple-frequency dielectrophoresis (DEP) response of individual cells as they travel over an array of sensing and actuating electrodes. The DEP induced translation of each cell is detected by measuring the differential impedance of the array using a microwave interferometer, which is capable of sub-attofarad sensitivity, and is coupled to the sensing electrodes. The DEP response of a cell at multiple frequencies in the beta-dispersion region is chosen to discern particular cell dielectric properties as it travels along the array-such as cytoplasm conductivity and membrane capacitance. The Clausius-Mossotti factor of the cell is determined from the measured response signal in conjunction with numerical simulation of its trajectory. The approach is validated through measuring polystyrene microspheres. The DEP response of Chinese hamster ovary cells using two simultaneous frequencies is demonstrated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".